It's not very clear to me what anniversary this film was made for. Various articles say that it was for the "100 year anniversary of animation", but nothing notable happened in animation in 1883 other than the birth of American animation pioneer Max Fleischer, which would not be considered very important in the USSR. Conceivably it was for the 70th anniversary of Ladislas Starevich's films (1912-1913), but the film never even mentions them (probably because it wasn't the Soviet Union at the time, and Starevich fled the communists to live the rest of his life in France). Or for the first Soviet animation in 1923 by Dziga Vertov (which doesn't survive), but again, not mentioned in the film. Nothing notable happened in 1933.

Or perhaps it was for the 75th anniversary of Emile Cohl's Fantasmagorie (1908), often considered to be the first animation on celluloid film, or at least the first 2D animation where each image replaces the one before it, rather than stop motion. It's not mentioned in the film either, but this may just be because they didn't have a copy of it.

I updated the description after I read a very informative article about Tarasov published by Georgiy Borodin earlier this year. At that link, you can see screenshots of some scenes that have been cut from the version of the film above.

Also, it seems that this was part of a bigger international project, and that other countries also made similar films at the time. I wonder what their names are, and if any of those have survived?

It is still unclear what the anniversary was supposed to be. Borodin's article says it was meant to be "the 100th anniversary of the birth of animation", but I am unaware of anything that happened in 1883 specifically.